Chemical Hygiene Plan

Table of Contents

Introduction

1. Responsibilities

• 1.1 President, Provost and Dean
• 1.2 Chemical and Environmental Safety Committee
• 1.3 Department Chair/Head
• 1.4 Director, Environmental Health & Safety/Radiation Safety
• 1.5 Chemical Hygiene Officer
• 1.6 Principle Investigator/Laboratory Supervisor
• 1.7 Laboratory Employee/Staff

2. General Laboratory Safety Procedures

• 2.1 Eating, drinking and smoking in labs
• 2.2 Children in laboratories
• 2.3 Pregnancy

3. Material Safety Data Sheets

• 3.1 General
• 3.2 Description

4. Chemical Use and Handling

• 4.1 Purchasing
• 4.1.1 Requisition
• 4.1.2 Receiving
• 4.2 Inventory
• 4.3 Container labels
• 4.3.1 Primary labels
• 4.3.2 Secondary labels
• 4.4 Minimize
• 4.5 Laboratory evaluations

5. Chemical Storage

• 5.1 Chemical storage method
• 5.2 Storage quantities
• 5.2.1 Flammable and combustible liquids
• 5.3 Peroxide forming chemicals
• 5.3.1 Handling and storing peroxide forming chemicals
• 5.4 Compressed gas
• 5.4.1 Ordering
• 5.4.2 Storage and use
• 5.5 Refrigerators
• 5.6 Environmental rooms

6. Chemical Disposal

7. Laboratory Fume Hoods

• 7.1 Fume hood use
• 7.2 Perchloric acid use

8. Working with Acutely Toxic Chemicals and Select Carcinogens

• 8.1 Definitions
• 8.2 Procedures and precautions

9. Employee Information and Training

• 9.1 Informational requirements
• 9.2 Employee training

10. Personal Protective Equipment

• 10.1 Eye and face protection
• 10.2 Hand protection
• 10.3 Miscellaneous hand/arm protection
• 10.4 Protective apparel

11. Close Out/Moving Procedures

12. Emergency Procedures

• 12.1 General
• 12.2 Initial procedures
• 12.3 Follow-up actions
• 12.3.1 Injury
• 12.3.2 Decontamination and chemical waste
• 12.4 Emergency phone numbers

Appendices

A. Sample Standard Operating Procedure

B. Safety Orientation Review Sheet

C. Material Safety Data Sheet

D. Chemical Inventory by Laboratory

E. Laboratory Evaluation Checklist

F. Request for Removal of Hazardous Chemical Waste

G. EPA "P-Listed" Hazardous Waste List

H. Glossary

I. Sources of Additional Safety Information

INTRODUCTION

The Eastern Virginia Medical School Chemical Hygiene Plan was developed to meet requirements of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration standard on "Occupational Exposures to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories," 29 CFR 1910.1450. The standard is known as the "Laboratory Standard."

Many laboratory chemicals are hazardous; however, if used properly in adequate facilities and with appropriate personal protective equipment, they may be used safely. The Chemical Hygiene Plan establishes procedures, equipment, and work practices to protect laboratory employees from health hazards presented by hazardous chemicals. Each laboratory, whether research or clinical, is unique in design and available equipment. Laboratory employees must be familiar with chemicals used in their laboratory, containment and storage equipment and emergency procedures. To accomplish this, a Laboratory Safety course is presented periodically.

We, as members of the Chemicals and Environmental Safety Committee and staff in the EVMS Environmental Health and Safety Office feel this Chemical Hygiene Plan contains information useful to your daily laboratory work. It is your responsibility to be familiar with its practices and procedures to minimize risk while working in the laboratory. Please contact Environmental Health and Safety with your questions, concerns, and suggestions about safety.

Karl Schellenberg, M.D., Ph.D.
Chairman, Chemical and Environmental Safety Committee

LaMarr G. Beuchler, M.S.
Director, Environmental Health and Safety Program

Dee D. Jackson, B.S.
Chemical Hygiene Officer

CHEMICAL HYGIENE PLAN

1. RESPONSIBILITIES

While each individual using chemicals is responsible for awareness of hazardous characteristics and safe use of the product, the Eastern Virginia Medical School administration is responsible for advocating chemical hygiene within the institution.

1.1 President, Provost and Dean

The President, Provost and Dean provide necessary support for chemical safety at Eastern Virginia Medical School.

1.2 Chemical and Environmental Safety Committee

The Chemical and Environmental Safety Committee is responsible for reviewing and recommending institutional policy on the use, storage and disposal of chemicals and to review and make recommendations on institutional policy concerning other non-biological hazards.

1.3 Department Chair/Head

Department Chair/Head is responsible for chemical safety in their department and supporting implementation of programs, practices and procedures to achieve chemical safety, including requirements in the Chemical Hygiene Plan.

1.4 Director Environmental Health and Safety/Radiation Safety

The Director of Environmental Health and Safety/Radiation Safety is responsible for developing and implementing programs, procedures and practices necessary to meet requirements of Federal, State and Local regulatory agencies in regard to environmental health and safety and to identify resources required to accomplish these tasks.

1.5 Chemical Hygiene Officer

The Chemical Hygiene Officer (the individual assigned as the Assistant Environmental Health and Safety Officer) is responsible for daily operation of chemical hygiene at the Eastern Virginia Medical School. Specifically, the individual will

1. Review and update the Chemical Hygiene Plan
2. Develop and conduct training and information programs on laboratory safety to promote safe handling of hazardous materials.
3. Provide technical assistance to investigators and laboratory staff on issues of laboratory safety.
4. Review application of chemical safety practices and procedures through periodic evaluation of laboratories and safety equipment such as eye wash stations, safety showers and fume hoods.
5. Investigate reported laboratory incidents and recommend corrective action to reduce potential for recurrence.
6. Develop and maintain a respiratory protection program
7. Maintain knowledge of Federal, State and local regulations concerning hazardous materials use and disposal.
8. Manage disposal of hazardous materials and develop methods to minimize hazardous waste.

1.6 Principal Investigator/Laboratory Supervisor

Principal Investigator/Laboratory Supervisor is responsible for chemical safety in their laboratory, and specifically:

1. To be aware of hazards associated with chemicals used and to inform laboratory staff of these hazards.
2. Select and employ laboratory practices and engineering controls to minimize the potential for exposure to hazardous materials.
3. Develop written standard operating procedures (SOPs) for each procedure involving hazardous substances to assure work practices, engineering controls and personal protective equipment are in place in order to reduce the potential for exposure to the lowest practical level. Procedures established by manufacturers or in text books can suffice as SOPs as long as they are identified as such and are kept with all other SOPs.(See Appendix A for samples of SOPs)
4. Ensure that laboratory staff receives laboratory safety training and employs practices and procedures identified in the standard operating procedures of each protocol.
5. Ensure laboratory staff completes the "Safety Orientation Review Sheet" and maintain records with the Chemical Hygiene Plan. (Appendix B)

1.7 Laboratory Employee/Staff

The Laboratory employee is responsible for safe use of chemicals in laboratories and following prescribed practices and procedures to minimize risk, as well as, being aware of information in Material Safety Data Sheets for chemicals used in lab studies or procedures. In addition, the employee shall immediately report to the Principal Investigator or Laboratory Supervisor all facts pertaining to accidents involving potential exposure to hazardous materials.

It is imperative that individuals using chemicals in reactions be aware of hazards of the unreacted chemicals as well as those of reacted products.

2. GENERAL LABORATORY SAFETY PROCEDURES

Laboratories contain many potential hazards for the untrained and uninformed individual. The hazards may include toxic chemicals, infectious material, radioactive material, hot surface, electric current, glassware, systems under pressure, spinning devices, extremely cold items or a combination of these. With proper training and an understanding of practices to reduce exposure to these materials, employees can perform assigned tasks with minimal health risk. While certain laboratory protocols require extensive safety precaution, most can be performed safely by observing these general procedures.

1. Thoroughly wash your hands with soap and water to prevent ingestion of harmful materials before handling food or drink.
2. Mouth pipetting is strictly prohibited.
3. Use proper personal protective equipment such as gloves, safety glasses, goggles, lab coat, etc. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with volatile chemicals.
4. Do not smell or taste chemicals.
5. Know the location of the nearest fire extinguisher and fire alarm box.
6. Place broken glass or other sharp objects in puncture resistant containers.
7. Dispose of chemicals properly. (See section 6 in this Manual.)
8. Store chemicals properly and minimize quantities handled.
9. Use a laboratory fume hood when working with volatile compounds.

To summarize these general procedures, maintain good personal hygiene, store materials properly, be familiar with chemical characteristics and use adequate personal protective equipment and engineering controls. Employing these "common sense" procedures will help achieve a safe and productive work area.

2.1 Eating, Drinking, Smoking in Laboratories

Eating, drinking, smoking, gum chewing, applying cosmetics, and taking medicine in laboratories where hazardous chemicals are used should be strictly prohibited. Food, beverages, cups, and other drinking and eating utensils should not be stored in areas where hazardous chemicals are handled or stored. Glassware used for laboratory operations should never be used to prepare or consume food or beverages. Laboratory refrigerators, ice chests, cold rooms, ovens, and so forth should not be used for food storage or preparation. Laboratory water sources and de-ionized laboratory water should not be used for drinking water.

2.2 Children in Laboratories

Due to the nature of inherent hazards in laboratories, children should not enter or be brought to laboratories unless in a learning activity under close supervision. Prudent oversight of the child's activities is necessary to avoid undue risks to the individual or other lab staff and distraction of the parent involved in laboratory studies. The fascination and curiosity of an unsupervised child can result in an unfortunate accident or injury. Laboratories are much different than the environment children are familiar with at home.

2.3 Pregnancy

Reproductive toxins are substances that adversely affect the reproductive process. These toxins include mutagens that can cause chromosomal damage and teratogens, the effects of which include retarded fetal growth, birth defects, fetal malformations, and fetal death.

Knowledge of how chemical affect reproductive health is in its preliminary stage. It has been only since 1973 that manufacturers were required by the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) to test chemicals other than drugs for their effects on reproductive health.

Although a few well controlled studies have been conducted, the evidence for most chemicals is limited to case reports or to studies done on a small group of exposed people after a problem emerged. Of approximately 55,000 chemical substances and mixtures in commercial production (not including drugs, pesticides, and food additives) only a limited number have been tested thoroughly on animals for reproductive effects.

Pregnant women and women intending to become pregnant should review Material Safety Data Sheets for special precautions before working with substances that are suspected to be reproductive toxins. As minimal precautions, the procedures outlined in Section 8.2 should be followed for work with such compounds.

3. MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS

3.1 General

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires chemical and manufacturers and importers to develop or obtain a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for each chemical they produce or import. MSDSs contain information about the chemical, its physical and health hazards, and other health and safety data. At EVMS, MSDSs for chemicals exhibiting certain health hazard characteristics are reproduced on colored paper to highlight their hazards. Copies of these, as well as other MSDSs, are sent to laboratories with these chemicals in their inventory. Each laboratory has a well marked binder containing the respective MSDSs. The color code is:

3.2 Description

All MSDSs have specific sections that contain standard information about the chemical. A short description of the sections and type of information about the chemical follows:

The Material Safety Data Sheet must include the following information:

• Identify the substance designated on the container label.
• Physical and chemical characteristics of the hazardous chemical.
• Physical hazards.
• Known acute and chronic health effects and related health information.
• Primary routes of entry into the body.
• Information on exposure limits.
• Whether a hazardous chemical is considered a carcinogen by OSHA, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, or the National Toxicology Program.
• Precautions for safe handling.
• Generally acceptable control measures (engineering controls, work practices, personal protective equipment).
• Emergency and first aid procedures, including a 24-hour manufacturer phone contact.
• Date of MSDS preparation or most recent change.
• Name, address, and phone number of the party responsible for preparing and distributing the MSDS.

On June 3, 1993, ANSI adopted a standard for preparation of Material Safety Data Sheets, called ANSI Z400.1. It is the result of a four-year effort by the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA). The CMA guideline suggests 16 sections with uniform data requirements and order of presentation for every chemical that requires an MSDS. A more detailed description of the ANSI format follows:

Since the 16-section format is relatively new, it will be several years until the present seven to nine section MSDSs are replaced. Therefore, when consulting the older MSDS format for health and hazard information, pay particular to sections 2, 3, 5 and 6. MSDSs are described in greater detail in the "General Laboratory Safety" training course offered quarterly by the Environmental Health and Safety Office. A sample MSDS is included in Appendix C for reference.

4. CHEMICAL USE AND HANDLING

Chemicals are essential components of laboratory research. Used properly, they present minimal physical and health hazards to personnel and the environment. Of paramount importance is minimizing the quantities used; therefore reducing the amount that must be purchased and disposed. The cost to dispose partially used products can nearly equal the initial purchase cost. By using micro techniques, much smaller volumes of reagents are needed which requires less product purchased and stored.

4.1 Purchasing

When purchasing chemicals, be aware of their handling and storage requirements and ensure that laboratory staff has proper facilities and personal protective equipment to use the product. Order only quantities needed; surplus in 4 liter bottles consumes storage space and may decompose or become unstable when stored for long periods. Also consider that large "economy size" containers often dictate a need for other equipment such as smaller transfer containers, funnels, pumps, and labels, as well as, additional time and labor to prepare smaller volumes.

4.1.1 Requisition

Complete the purchase requisition in accordance with directions provided by Materials Management. Use the following object code to identify chemicals.

NOTE: Object codes 7301 - Office Supply - toner, pens, paper, etc. or 7307 - General Lab Supply - tubes, glassware, PPE, etc., should NOT be used when ordering chemicals.

4.1.2 Receiving

Packages containing chemicals coded "7326" or containing a DOT hazard label (such as corrosive, poison, oxidizer, flammable) will not be opened by Materials Management personnel. When, these packages are opened in the laboratory, laboratory personnel should verify that the container is intact and is labeled, at a minimum, with an accurate name on a well-adhered label. The users name and date of receipt should be placed on the label. New chemicals should be entered into the laboratory's inventory promptly and placed in the appropriate storage area.

4.2 Inventory

An inventory of all chemicals in each laboratory must be prepared and submitted to Environmental Health and Safety. The purpose of the inventory is to 1) know what chemicals and quantities are in the laboratory in event of an accident and 2) ensure that MSDSs are available to inform laboratory staff of potential chemicals hazards. In addition to the initial inventory, an annual update is also required. Use the form "Chemical Inventory by Laboratory," EHS-2 to report initial inventory. A sample is in Appendix D for reference. This information is entered into a central VAX database maintained by Environmental Health and Safety. Annually, a copy of each of laboratory inventory is sent to the Principal Investigator for changes, additions, and deletions. When returned to Environmental Health and Safety, the changes are entered in the VAX database. Other investigators may query the database via Environmental Health and Safety to locate a needed chemical. A sample database entry containing the inventory information is shown below.

4.3 Container Labels

Manufacturers, importers, and distributors must label all containers of hazardous chemicals. Containers include items such as bags, barrels, bottles, boxes, cans, cylinders, drums and storage tanks. The label will often indicate how to store and handle the chemical, what protective clothing you should wear, and other safety procedures.

4.3.1 Primary Label

The label must contain the, 1) chemical name, 2) the hazard warning, and 3) the name and address of the manufacturer or importer. Hazard warnings may be written or by symbol or both and include terms such as flammable, corrosive, irritant, oxidizer, etc. A standardized label system hasn't emerged; however, the Hazardous Material Information System (HMIS), the National Fire Prevention Association (NFPA), the Department of Transportation (DOT), and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) have developed key words, colors, symbols or pictograms that are similar in meaning. When containers are received at EVMS, the labels shall remain intact until the container is empty and discarded.

4.3.2 Secondary Container Labels

Frequently, hazardous chemicals are poured into smaller containers from bulk drums or 4 liter bottles. Each secondary container must have a label that contains, at a minimum, the following information: name of the chemical, date of transfer, name of person transferring the material, and hazard warning terms that appear on the primary container. Abbreviations for chemical names are discouraged; however, if they are used a list of abbreviations must be posted prominently in the lab and in front of the MSDS binder. All information on primary or secondary containers must be in English. Proper labeling of numerous small secondary containers prevents errors when adding reagents and enables proper disposal of the contents. An example of a secondary container label is illustrated below:

NOTE: An exception to this requirement is secondary containers into which hazardous chemicals are transferred from labeled containers, and which are intended only for the immediate use of the employee who performs the transfer.

4.4 Minimize

The American Chemical Society advocates a "Less Is Better" philosophy of hazardous waste management. It is based on reducing the amount of chemicals that may become waste. This can be done by either eliminating a specific chemical or reducing the quantity used.

To effectively reduce the amount of hazardous wastes produced in a laboratory, it is prudent to consider purchasing smaller quantities, how the chemical is used, alternate non-hazardous chemicals and smaller quantities of chemicals are required in assays which should directly influence quantities purchased and stored. Smaller quantities purchased result in less unused chemicals being stored and reduce the potential for chemical exposure to personnel. Extended storage of unused chemicals increases the risk of accidents.

When developing laboratory protocols, consider using and ordering smaller quantities of chemicals. Disposing waste chemicals costs most institutions tens to hundreds of thousands dollars per year and a large portion of the waste is from unused chemicals.

4.5 Laboratory Evaluations

In order to monitor the procurement, use, disposal, chemical safety practices and procedures of chemicals used at EVMS, annual Laboratory Evaluations are performed. The check list is included in Appendix E and includes an evaluation of the following areas:

Engineering Controls

• Fume Hoods
• Biosafety Cabinets
• Eyewash Stations
• Safety Showers
• Compressed Gas Cylinders
• Egress
• Designated Areas
• Sharps Containers
• Fire Extinguishers

Handling Hazardous Materials

• Storage
• Labeling
• Disposal
• Lab Practices
• Personal Protective Equipment
• Infectious/Biological Waste Containers

Administrative Controls

• Chemical Hygiene Plan
• Material Safety Data Sheets
• Inventory
• Hepatitis B Vaccination

Training Requirements

• Chemical Hygiene Plan
• Respirator
• Bloodborne Pathogens
• Special Hazards

5. CHEMICAL STORAGE

In most instances chemicals at EVMS are stored in laboratories by investigators. To reduce risk in event of an accident or fire, the quantity of chemicals stored in a laboratory must be kept at a minimum , consistent with needs of the investigator and fire codes. As indicated in Section 4, all primary and secondary storage containers must be labeled to identify the chemical, its manufacturer or importer and the hazard warning. If there is a need to store large quantities of solvents, there is a bulk chemical storeroom at Lewis Hall and a smaller storeroom at the Center for Pediatrics Research. Contact Environmental Health and Safety about storing solvents in these areas.

5.1 Chemical Storage Method

Store chemicals by hazard classification (e.g., oxidizer, combustible, corrosive, unstable, water reactive, etc.) rather than alphabetical in cabinets or on open shelving not higher than eye level. Containers on shelves tend to "creep" or "walk" over time, so ensure that storage shelves have 1/4" to 1/2" raised lip or stretch cords across the open front to prevent containers from falling off the shelf. To determine the chemicals hazard class, check the label for hazard information or consult the MSDS.

Examples of Incompatible Hazard Classes
(Don't store List A chemicals next to List B chemicals)

Once chemicals are segregated by hazard class, compatible classes can be stored together. Incompatible classes must be physically separated from each other. Separation of chemical groups can be by different shelves within the same cabinet; providing secondary containment is used to retain materials should the primary container be breached. Storage areas and containers should be inspected periodically for signs of deterioration. (e.g., rust, corrosion, leakage, pressure build up, etc.) Several of the major chemical firms have developed systems using a color code to define the groups which should be stored together. Unfortunately although there are some similarities, the schemes of different companies are not wholly compatible. Following are chemical color code schemes for two vendors:

5.2 Storage Quantities

5.2.1 Flammables and Combustible Liquids

A liquid that has a flash point below 100 F(37.8 C) and a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 pounds per square inch at 100 F is a Class I liquid. Class I flammable liquids are subdivided as:

The maximum quantity of flammable and combustible liquids that can be stored in a laboratory outside a safety cabinet is 10 gallons (40 liter) of Class I and II chemicals combined. If a safety cabinet is used, a maximum of 40 gallons (160 liter) of Class I and Class II liquid may be stored in a laboratory. Glass bottles containing flammable or any other chemicals should not be stored on the floor in front of benches. Pedestrian traffic and items falling from the bench may break the bottles.

5.3 Peroxide Forming Chemicals

These are organic compounds with a double oxygen or "peroxy" (-0-0-) group in their chemical structure that are subject to decomposition during use and storage. Examples are ethers, liquid paraffins and olefins which form peroxides upon exposure to air and light. The following is a list of some materials that can form peroxides:

• Acetal Butadiene
• Chlorotrifluoroethylene Cyclohexane
• Diethylene glycol Diethyl ether
• Dioxane Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether
• Ether (glycol) Methyl butyl ketone
• Isopropyl ether Styrene
• Tetrahydrofuran Vinyl acetylene
• Vinyl acetate Vinyl chloride
• Vinyl ethers Vinyl pyridine

Organic peroxides have unusual stability problems that make them among the most hazardous substances handled in laboratories. As a class, they are lower power explosives because of their extreme sensitivity to shock, sparks, or other forms of ignition. These compounds are sensitive to heat, friction, impact, and light, as well as oxidizing and reducing agents. Peroxides have a half life or rate of decomposition.

5.3.1 Handling and Storing Peroxide Forming Chemicals

When these chemicals are received, write the date on the label. Opened containers should be tested for peroxides or disposed within six months of opening. Unopened containers should be tested for peroxides and disposed as chemical waste after one year. It is important that dates be placed on each container when it's received due to their decomposition to unstable explosive products.

5.4 Compressed Gas

Compressed gases and the cylinders containing them present both chemical and physical hazards. Depending on the gas, there could be a hazard of fire, explosion, toxicity or even asphyxia due to the rapid diffusion of the gas into a laboratory space. Additionally, the cylinder itself could become a projectile!

5.4.1 Ordering

When ordering compressed gas cylinders, order from vendors that exchange the cylinders or will take the cylinder back when empty. A cylinder disposed as chemical waste may cost hundreds of dollars. Prior to ordering a cylinder ensure there is adequate storage space within the laboratory or department. Specify delivery of the cylinder directly to the laboratory vice Materials Management.

5.4.2 Storage and Use

Upon receipt, check the label on the cylinder to ensure the contents are the same as that ordered. Store the cylinder in a well ventilated area and secure it with a clamp and belt or chain to prevent falling over.

When ready for use, move the cylinder using a cart and make sure the cap is secured. Standard cylinder valve outlet connections exist to prevent mixing of incompatible gases due to an interchange of connections. Outlet threads vary in diameter; some are internal, others are external, and some are right handed and others left handed. The threads on cylinder valves, regulators and other fittings should be examined to ensure they correspond to one another and are undamaged.

NOTE: DO NOT LUBRICATE REGULATOR OR CYLINDER VALVES, OIL OR GREASE ON THESE MAY CAUSE AN EXPLOSION.

Pressure regulators are specific to the type of cylinder. Never modify, force or tamper with these regulators.

Procedures for safe use of compressed gas cylinders:

• Identify the contents prior to use by checking the label
• Never use cylinders that can't be positively identified. Mark the cylinder with the words "CONTENTS UNKNOWN" and return it to the vendor.
• Use the minimum size cylinder necessary
• Vent relief valves on cylinders of flammable, toxic or otherwise hazardous gases to a fume hood.
• Never empty a cylinder completely because the residual contents may become contaminated if the valve is left open.
• Clearly mark the cylinder with an "EMPTY" tag when the contents are depleted.
• Remove regulators from empty cylinders and replace the cap at once.
• Wear safety glasses or goggles when using compressed gas. Do not use compressed gas or air to blow away dust or dirt since flying debris is an eye hazard.

5.5. Refrigerators

Flammable, toxic and uncapped chemicals should not be stored in standard household refrigerators because there is inadequate ventilation which allow explosive mixtures or toxic concentrations to build up. Sparks from light, thermostat and fan switches may be ignition sources for flammable and combustible vapors. Additionally, laboratory workers generally place their face in the refrigerator when looking for samples, increasing the likelihood of inhaling unvented (toxic) vapors. Frost free refrigerators generally contain a drain or hole that carries liquids to a drain pan near the compressor. A leaking flammable substance could end up adjacent to the spark source - the compressor.

All chemicals in a refrigerator must be labeled and no food or drink may be stored in a refrigerator with chemicals.

There are three types of laboratory refrigerators that reduce the risk of ignition of flammable vapors:

1. "Explosion-proof" refrigerators are required only where there is a risk of ignition both inside and "outside" the unit.
2. Explosion-safe or "laboratory-safe" refrigerators and freezers are more commonly used in the laboratory environment as they are designed to eliminate ignition of vapors "inside" the storage compartment by sources also within the environment. Associated design features include self-closing doors, special materials for the inner shell, and the location of the compressor and its controls at the top of the unit away from any potential floor-level accumulation.
3. Although not considered optimum protection, it is possible to modify domestic refrigerators to achieve some degree of protection. However, the modification process can be applied only to manual defrost units; the self-defrosting models cannot be successfully modified to provide even minimum safeguards against vapor ignition. The minimum procedures for modification include:

a) Relocation of manual temperature controls to the exterior of the storage compartment, sealing all points where capillary tubing or wiring formerly entered the storage compartment.

b) Removal of light switches and light assemblies and sealing of all resulting openings.

c) Replacement of positive mechanical door latches with magnetic door gaskets.

NOTE: Regardless of the approach used (explosion-proof, laboratory safe, modified domestic, or unmodified domestic), every laboratory refrigerator should be clearly labeled to indicate its intended use.

5.6 Environmental Rooms

Environmental rooms, either as refrigeration cold rooms or as warm rooms for growth of organisms and cells, have the inherent property of being a closed air-circulation system. Thus, the release of any toxic substance in these areas poses potential dangers. Also, because of the contained atmosphere in these rooms, there is a significant potential for the creation of aerosols and cross-contamination of research projects. These problems should be controlled by preventing the release of aerosols, gases, or volatile solvents into the room environment.

6. CHEMICAL DISPOSAL

The Eastern Virginia Medical School is bound by a variety of federal, state, and local regulations to dispose of hazardous chemicals in a safe, environmentally sound manner. Therefore, the following requirements must be met:

1. DO NOT dispose of chemicals or chemical waste in the drains or general trash. Surplus chemicals or chemical waste will be picked up and disposed of by EVMS Environmental Health and Safety (EH&S) office personnel (x5798).

2. Complete EHS-3 Form: Request for Removal of Hazardous Chemical Waste and submit to Environmental Health and Safety. (See Appendix F for a copy of the form.)

All constituents and percentage composition including the matrix must be listed, totaling 100% of the waste. (Matrices may include gloves, paper, plastic, glass, water, ethanol, etc.) DO NOT use abbreviations, chemical formulas, or trade names. Provide as much information as possible when offering an "unknown," thorough investigation is essential. Containers must have labels identifying contents and hazards.

3. Chemicals must be placed in containers impervious to their inherent hazards (including lids). Also, containers must be leakproof and allow headspace for expansion. Do not seal containers with parafilm only or by other non-secure means. Empty product bottles may be used if the former contents are not incompatible with the waste and old labels are defaced.

4. Keep solid and liquid forms of waste separate where possible, Remember that contaminated articles such as gloves, absorbent pads, etc. constitute hazardous waste by definition.

5. Segregate aqueous from organic wastes and halogenated from nonhalogenated solvents where possible. (Halogenated solvents contain Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, or Astintine within their composition.) This helps to decrease disposal costs and increase the potential for recycling/reuse/reclamation options.

6. Note when wastes are "used" or "spent," as opposed to surplus/obsolete virgin products. The latter may be offered for reuse within EVMS rather than disposed. If used or spent, be sure to note any contaminants in the waste.

7. Empty containers must be completely empty and free from any residual hazards. If the chemical is the sole active ingredient and it appears on the EPA P-Listed Waste List (see Appendix G ), the container must be triple rinsed with an appropriate solvent, collecting the rinsate as hazardous waste. Finally, write the word EMPTY on the face of the label and dispose container to general trash.

8. Mercury and chromium compounds require special disposal. Keep these wastes segregated and properly labeled.

9. Minimize wastes where possible by reducing volume on hand and substituting less hazardous chemicals for hazardous materials. Keep chemical inventories current and offer underutilized chemicals for Chemical Morgue recirculation through the Environmental Health and Safety Office. Utilize Environmental Health and Safety Office assistance in obtaining small quantity or infrequently used chemicals via the Chemical Morgue or VAX Chemical Inventory Search.

10. Store chemicals alphabetically only within distinctly segregated hazard classes, minimizing risk of reactions in the event of a release. Utilize grounding, ventilation, and containment devices where appropriate. Remember that flammable chemical waste is included in the 10 gallon limit of flammables permitted in the lab outside of storage in an approved flammable solvent storage cabinet. Do not store chemical waste in aisles or where risk of breakage is likely.

11. Photographic chemicals from automatic developers in x-ray and other sources should be managed as hazardous wastes. Keep fixers and developers segregated.

12. See Section 5.3 for a list of some chemicals which may form peroxides as they age or upon exposure to air. Mark these products and wastes with the date received or prepared, date opened, and circle expiration date on virgin containers. These compounds become increasingly unstable, peroxide forming chemicals should be disposed within 6 months of opening or 1 year from receipt if unopened. Do not keep peroxide forming chemicals beyond the expiration date.

13. Sharps, broken glass, and other puncture causing items should be disposed of in sturdy, sealed puncture-resistant containers marked SHARPS or BROKEN GLASS. If blood-borne pathogens are present, the container must also be red, bear the St. Andrews Cross marking, and identify the hazard in text.

14. Do not accumulate wastes, dispose of them regularly and promptly. Be sure to clear out wastes and unused chemicals prior to individuals vacating the lab due to retirement, relocation, etc. Clean out refrigerators frequently, eliminating old and unknown items. Inform Environmental Health and Safety if the waste must be kept cold until ultimate disposition.

15. Above all, be careful! Respect chemical hazards. When in doubt, call the Environmental Health and Safety Office for assistance.

7. LABORATORY FUME HOODS

3. Review SOPs for each procedure involving these substances to assure work practices, engineering controls and personal protective equipment are in place in order to reduce the potential for exposure to the lowest practical level.

5. When procedures involve powders on the open bench top, which meet the definition of acute toxicity, select carcinogens, or reproductive toxin, a disposable NIOSH/MSHA approved dust/mist respirator is required. This will provide protection against dusts and mists with TWA (Time Weighted Average) not less than 0.05 mg/m³.

12.1 General

Laboratories contain hazardous chemicals that may be spilled or released from reactions or as result of fire. The most common incident involves spilling (includes dropping a container on the bench or floor) liquid chemicals from a glass container. Response to the incident depends on the chemical involved, extent of personal injury, and facility damage. Information about the chemical(s) involved is available in the MSDS and the identification should be made by the user, if present. Once the chemical is identified, specific steps will be directed by the Environmental Health and Safety staff to reduce the hazard and clean up the material.

12.2 Initial Procedures

When the incident occurs, take these initial steps.

• Warn others in the area, identifying the chemical if known
• Contain the liquid or solid with absorbent pads or sheets
• Extinguish flame/ignition sources if flammable liquid, solid or gas is released.
• In case of fire assess the situation before using a fire extinguisher. Dry chemicals from the extinguisher may cause more damage to computer and electronic equipment than a small alcohol or solvent fire.
• Notify Security 446-5199 and/or Environmental Health and Safety 446-5798. Give the following information:
  • Name
  • Location of incident
  • Type of material involved
  • Name of chemical
  • How much is spilled
  • Phone number of caller.

* If the chemical has come in contact with:

• Lab coat and/or street clothing, remove these items immediately.
• Skin or eye(s), promptly flush the affected area for at least 15 minutes. Use the eye wash or safety shower

* If the chemical is ingested, rinse out the oral cavity and seek medical attention.

* Leave the immediate area, staying close enough to control access to the laboratory and relate details to responders.

NOTE: Other initial procedures may be appropriate for specific chemicals, consult the MSDS before use to be aware of recommended spill procedures.

12.3 Follow-up Actions

Decontamination and cleanup are under the direction of Environmental Health and Safety and laboratory staff will assist as requested by Environmental Health and Safety staff.

12.3.1 Injury

Emergency - report to the Emergency Room, Sentara Norfolk General Hospital in event of severe bleeding, head injury, broken bones, respiratory distress or other life threatening injuries. If patient transport or paramedic services are necessary, dial 9-911.

Non-emergency - If the injury is not an emergency but requires treatment, call Human Resources, 446-6043, and report to Ghent Family Medicine, Fairfax Hall for evaluation during normal working hours. Follow-up visits or visits to specialists will be arranged by Ghent Family Medicine. Report the injury to your supervisor and Benefits Administrator, Human Resources.

NOTE: You may be responsible for all medical expenses incurred if you do not report the injury to Human Resources.

12.3.2 Decontamination and Chemical Waste

Decontamination supplies and protective equipment are kept by Environmental Health and Safety. With exception of a small volume (<50 ml) or quantity (<10g) of solvents or laboratory reagents, DO NOT ATTEMPT TO CLEAN UP THE SPILL.

Liquids give off vapors that may be extremely toxic and powders may easily be resuspended by moving around in the spill area. The Environmental Health and Safety staff is trained to wear respiratory protection and has a variety of respirator cartridges available depending on the chemical involved. Chemical waste, including contaminated absorbents and articles, must be prepared and labeled for disposal. Broken glass must be placed in puncture resistant containers for proper disposal, keeping in mind that it is also contaminated

12.4 EMERGENCY PHONE NUMBERS